Appendix. Frequency percentages of grain types in sand tempers of Lapita sherds from the
Teouma site on Efate based on counts of 400 (or n) temper grains per thin section (terrigenous
grains recalculated to 100% exclusive of calcareous grains for hybrid temper sands containing
admixtures of reef detritus, which is reported as approximate percentage of total grains). Grain
types (terrigenous) for tempers of Vanuatu origin: plg–plagioclase, cpx–clinopyroxene, hbl–
hornblende, opa–opaque iron oxides (dominantly magnetite), VRF–volcanic rock fragments
(mic–microlitic, fel–felsitic, vit–vitric) where VVi is the percentage of vitric (and devitrified
cryptocrystalline) grains among the volcanic rock fragments. See text for the designation of
sherds by typology (prefixes to sherd numbers) and definitions and abbreviations of temper
types. Prefix TE indicates labeling of thin sections before vessels were classified typologically.
A. UPLT–unplacered local tempers (means and standard deviations of three counts for TCS=TD2=TD17)
TC1
TC2
minerals
plg
cpx
opa
TC6
TC9
TC10
TC12
TC14
TC16
TC20
TC22
54
4
1
TC5
(=TE23)
35
4
2
46
3
3
61
8
1
44
2
2
42
1
2
48
2
3
56
4
2
44
4
2
46
4
4
43
2
1
VRF
mic
fel
vit
VVi
48
3
0
45
94
41
3
0
38
93
59
10
4
45
76
30
1
1
28
93
52
2
1
49
94
55
1
1
53
96
47
2
0
45
96
38
1
1
36
95
50
3
3
44
89
46
1
1
44
96
54
1
0
53
98
TC23
TC24
TC27
TC30
TC32
TC34
TC35
TC43
TC46
TC48
TC50
minerals
plg
cpx
opa
48
4
3
38
2
1
45
4
1
46
4
2
36
1
2
46
3
2
45
3
3
61
6
2
41
2
1
35
2
6
57
7
3
VRF
mic
fel
vit
VVi
45
2
1
42
93
59
1
0
58
98
50
2
0
48
96
48
1
1
46
96
61
1
0
60
96
49
2
0
47
96
49
3
0
46
94
31
1
0
30
97
56
1
0
55
98
57
0
1
56
98
33
1
0
32
97
TC54
TC56
TC63
TC66
TCC1
TCC2
TCI-1
TCI-3
TCS-5
TCS-6
52
9
1
38
2
1
35
92
49
1
4
46
1
2
43
93
21
1
1
77
1
1
75
97
47
2
1
50
2
1
47
94
43
4
3
50
1
0
49
98
48
3
3
46
1
1
44
96
58
3
3
36
1
1
34
94
47
4
1
48
1
1
46
96
47
5
2
46
3
0
43
93
44
2
2
52
1
0
51
98
minerals
plg
cpx
opa
VFR
mic
fel
vit
VVi
minerals
plg
cpx
opa
TCS-7
(=TD2=TD17)
42 ± 3
3±1
1 ± 0.5
TCS-20
TD7
TD8
TD9
TD12
TD16
TGI-2
TGI-3
51
4
2
28
3
3
53
2
2
45
2
1
40
3
2
41
2
2
47
3
2
47
6
2
VRF
mic
fel
vit
VVi
minerals
plg
cpx
opa
VFR
mic
fel
vit
VVi
54 ± 4
3±2
0
51 ± 4
94
43
3
0
40
93
66
3
0
63
95
43
4
0
39
91
52
4
0
48
92
55
2
0
53
96
55
2
1
52
95
48
3
0
45
94
45
2
0
43
96
TGO-1
(=TE27)
66
2
6
TI-1
TI-2
TI-5
TI-7
TI-8
TI-9
TI-14
TO-1
42
1
5
48
2
2
45
5
1
47
4
6
56
5
3
43
1
1
41
2
1
60
4
4
26
1
0
25
96
52
3
1
48
92
48
2
1
45
94
49
1
0
48
98
43
1
1
41
95
36
2
0
34
94
55
0
1
54
98
56
1
0
55
98
32
1
3
28
88
B. PPLT–partially placered local tempers (PPLT)
TC4
TC17
TC19
TC21
TC28
TC57
TCSI-1
TGI-1
minerals
plg
cpx
opa
56
10
4
57
8
3
39
5
9
53
8
5
56
11
4
52
8
3
60
10
2
41
5
6
VRF
mic
fel
vit
VVi
30
10
2
18
60
32
3
1
28
88
47
1
0
46
98
34
1
0
33
97
29
2
0
27
93
37
2
0
35
95
28
1
0
27
96
48
0
1
47
98
C. HSET–hybrid-sand Efate tempers (only 142 terrigenous grains counted in sherd TD11)
TC42
TCC4
minerals
plg
cpx
opa
52
10
17
VRF
mic
fel
vit
VVi
calcareous
TCS-12
TCS-16
TD11
28
21
4
TCS-3
(=TE-20)
45
21
13
52
16
4
66
8
3
40
0
8
TI-4
(=TE28)
42
2
4
21
3
2
16
76
47
25
2
20
43
21
12
2
7
33
28
19
4
5
18
23
19
2
2
9
52
8
7
37
71
52
22
5
25
48
15%
55%
11%
12%
3%
85%
1%
D. PEPT–pyroxenic Efate placer tempers
minerals
plg
cpx
opa
TC8
TC15
TC26
TC33
TC37
TC39
TC49
47
21
4
32
32
14
45
18
9
46
21
3
49
22
8
42
24
17
49
30
7
VRF
mic
fel
vit
VVi
28
2
0
26
93
22
1
0
21
95
28
1
0
27
96
30
2
0
28
93
21
5
0
16
76
TD6
TD13
TI-3
49
22
10
45
13
11
34
28
22
19
2
0
17
89
31
3
0
28
90
16
1
0
15
94
TC58
TCC5
TCS-15
minerals
plg
cpx
opa
47
16
7
41
26
15
37
27
16
TD4
(=TE22)
42
27
7
VRF
mic
fel
vit
VVi
30
3
1
26
87
18
2
0
16
89
20
2
1
17
85
24
10
3
11
46
17
2
0
15
88
14
3
2
9
64
E. OEPT–opaque-rich Efate placer tempers
minerals
plg
cpx
opa
VRF
mic
fel
vit
VVi
TC7
(=TE25)
13
9
59
TC11
TC13
TC18
TC25
TC29
TC31
TC41
TC45
TC59
12
19
57
30
25
30
27
20
39
14
26
51
9
22
61
7
11
77
3
4
86
25
16
49
3
14
74
19
1
0
18
95
12
1
0
11
92
15
1
0
14
93
14
1
0
13
93
9
1
0
8
89
8
0
0
8
100
5
0
0
5
100
7
1
3
3
43
10
0
2
8
80
9
1
0
8
89
TCS-4
TD10
TGI-4
TI-6
TI-11
TI-12
6
15
74
TD5
(=TE21)
8
17
69
25
5
49
20
23
45
4
8
86
32
22
28
6
24
63
5
0
0
5
100
6
0
1
5
88
21
1
0
20
95
12
0
1
11
92
2
0
0
2
100
18
1
0
17
94
7
0
1
6
86
TC60
TC62
TCI-2
minerals
plg
cpx
opa
11
11
74
25
23
40
4
13
78
TCS-2
(=TE19)
9
12
71
VRF
mic
fel
vit
VVi
4
1
0
3
75
12
2
0
10
83
5
1
0
4
80
8
0
1
7
88
F. NEHVT–non-Efate hornblendic Vanuatu temper (ceramic transfer from central Vanuatu)
mineral grains
quartz
plagioclase
clinopyroxene
hornblende
opaque iron oxide
TC3
(n=689)
TE24(=TC3)
(n=578)
TC3-TE24
(mean count)
TCS-1
(TE18)
TI-10
(non-hybrid)
6
16
2
24
25
5
16
2
22
31
6
16
2
23
28
2
39
28
1
6
2
51
19
5
5
Volcanic rock fragments
microlitic VRF
felsitic VRF
vitric VRF
VVi
calcareous
27
1
10
16
59
22
2
9
13
59
25
2
9
14
59
24
14
1
9
38
18
6
4
8
44
35%
35%
35%
0%
0%
G. NCMHT–New Caledonia metamorphic hybrid temper (ceramic transfer from northwest Grand Terre)
TCC3
(n=400)
TCS-13
(n=425)
TCS-21
(n=495)
mean
(± SD)
42
12
54
TD3
(TE26)
(n=740)
33
8
41
grain type
monocrystalline quartz mineral grains
polycrystalline quartz (quartzite or vein quartz)
(total quartzose grains)
38
16
54
39
7
46
monocrystalline plagioclase feldspar mineral grains
monocrystalline K-feldspar mineral grains
(total monocrystalline feldspar mineral grains)
11
1
12
12
4
16
10
2
12
17
1
18
12±3
3±1
15±3
muscovite (white mica) flakes
biotite (black mica) flakes
(total mica flakes)
1
1
2
5
2
7
1
1
2
3
1
4
3±2
1±0
4±2
diopsidic clinopyroxene (colorless and non-pleochroic)
jadeitic (sodic) clinopyroxene (anomalous interference tints)
magnesian amphibole (colorless tremolite-cummingtonite)
glaucophane sodic amphibole (bluish pleochroism)
(total metamorphic pyribole mineral grains)
3
3
4
4
14
2
3
7
10
22
3
5
3
3
14
2
2
13
5
22
2±1
3±1
7±4
6±3
18±4
opaque iron oxide mineral grains (magnetite and ilmenite)
garnet mineral grains (isotropic with high refringence)
epidote group aggregate grains (anomalous interference tints)
3
3
1
1
1
1
2
6
2
2
4
1
2±1
4±2
1±0
amphibolite (plagioclase-amphibole) rock fragments
phyllite-schist-hornfels (quartz-mica) rock fragments
total polycrystalline metamorphic rock fragments
6
5
11
4
2
6
5
3
8
5
3
8
5±1
3±1
8±2
calcareous grains
0%
30%
<5%
25%
-
38±3
11±4
49±6
H. NCQHT–New Caledonia quartzose hybrid temper (ceramic transfer from southeast Grand Terre)
n (terrigenous)
TC36
(±CE)
68
TC44
(±CE)
48
TC67
(±CE)
77
TC69
(±CE)
99
TI-13
(±CE)
73
Σ (5 sherds)
(±CE)
365
mean
(±SD for
N=5 sherds)
Quartz
Plagioclase
K-feldspar
Chert
Felsite
34±6
26±5
15±4
12±4
13±4
36±7
26±6
8±4
15±5
15±5
32±5
26±5
12±4
16±4
14±4
28±5
21±4
14±3
20±4
17±4
33±6
24±5
14±4
15±4
14±4
32±2
24±2
13±3
16±2
15±2
33±3
25±2
13±2
15±3
14±1
Grain type
CE (counting error) = [p(100–p)/n]½ after van der Plas & Tobi (1965) where p = percentage counted and n = number
of grains counted. SD = standard deviation of variance with respect to five separate sherd counts .
