Barents project. Summary report on available geological

barents project
Summary report on available geological,
geochemical and geophysical information
for the Nautanen key area, Norrbotten
Edward P. Lynch & Johan Jönberger
SGU-rapport 2014:34
October 2014
Cover: Historical mine workings at the Nautanen
copper-gold deposit, with the 29th (29:an) shaft
in the foreground. View looking to the east.
Photo: ­Edward Lynch
Sveriges geologiska undersökning
Box 670, 751 28 Uppsala
tel: 018-17 90 00
fax: 018-17 92 10
e-post: [email protected]
www.sgu.se
CONTENTS
Sammanfattning Abstract .............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
.................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Introduction ......................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geological overview of the Nautanen area 6
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Available data for the Nautanen area ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bedrock geology information . . ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geology maps and related data layers .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scanned field maps and other map information .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outcrop locations ................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Published material (papers and reports) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drill core ................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Information on alteration and mineralisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geochemical data . . ...................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geochronology ...................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Isotope geology (excluding age dating) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geophysical data ......................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Airborne measurements . . ..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ground magnetic data ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gravity data ............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geoelectric and electromagnetic data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Petrophysical data ................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Topographical data ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
11
11
12
12
12
19
19
21
23
25
26
26
26
28
29
29
30
Geological summary and some remaining issues ....................................................................................... 31
........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
............................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Acknowledgments References 3 (40)
SAMMANFATTNING
Nautanenområdet ligger ca 10 km öster om Gällivare i norra centrala Norrbottens län. Inom
området finns en sekvens av Paleoproterozoiska vulkaniska och metasedimentära bergarter som
avsatts, deformerats och omvandlats under den Svecofenniska orogenen för ca 1,9 miljarder år
sedan. Intrusiva bergarter med gabbroisk, dioritisk och granitisk sammansättning och med
likartad ålder förekommer också i området. En regionalt viktig spröd till plastisk deformationszon (Nautanen deformation zone) som klipper områdets bergarter har sannolikt haft ett
stort inflytande på lokaliseringen av den granitoida magmatismen, de hydrotermala fluiderna
och områdets koppar-guld±järnmineralisering. Många koppar-guldfyndigheter är kända från
Nautanenområdet och de har en genetisk affinitet till den löst definierade gruppen av järnoxidkoppar-guldfyndigheter (IOCG).
I denna rapport sammanfattas de viktigaste geologiska, geokemiska och geofysiska egenskaperna för Nautanenområdet. Rapporten ger en översikt över tillgängliga kartor, geologiska
data och publikationer för området samt en kort sammanfattning av vår nuvarande förståelse av
områdets geologiska miljö och utveckling. Vissa olösta geologiska frågor och förslag för framtida
forskning presenteras också.
Nyckelområdet Nautanen är ett delområde för riktad geologisk kartläggning och utredning
inom SGUs Barentsprojekt i Norrbotten som pågår 2012–2015.
4 (40)
ABSTRACT
The Nautanen area is located about 10 km east of Gällivare in north-central Norrbotten county, Sweden. It is centred on a package of Paleoproterozoic metavolcanic and metasedimentary
rocks which were deposited, deformed and metamorphosed during the Svecofennian orogeny
at c. 1.9 Ga. Paleoproterozoic intrusive rocks of gabbroic, dioritic and granitic composition also
­occur in the area. The rocks at Nautanen are situated within a regionally significant brittle–­
ductile deformation zone (Nautanen deformation zone) that probably had an influence on the
siting of granitoid magmatism, hydrothermal fluid flow and copper-gold±iron mineralisation
in the area. Numerous copper-gold prospects are known from the Nautanen area, and they
have a genetic affinity to the broad iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) family of hydrothermal
mineral deposits.
This report reviews the main geological, geochemical and geophysical characteristics of the
Nautanen area. It presents an overview of available maps, geological datasets and publications
and briefly summarises our present understanding of its geological setting and evolution. Some
unresolved geologic questions and suggestions for future research are also presented.
The Nautanen key area is a subarea for targeted geological mapping and investigation as part
of SGU’s Barents Project 2012–2015.
5 (40)
nd
Gällivare
la
Fin
Nor w
ay
INTRODUCTION
The Nautanen area is located approximately 10 km east of Gällivare, in north-central Norr­
botten County, Sweden (Fig. 1). The area falls within the 1:50 000-scale map sheets 28K Gällivare SO and SV (traditional RT90 map sheet index for Sweden, SO = south-east, SV = southwest) and covers six 5 × 5 km grid squares representing a geographical area of about 150 km2.
This report reviews the main geological, geochemical and geophysical characteristics of the
Nauntanen area. It presents an overview of available maps, geological datasets and publications
and briefly summarises our present understanding of the area’s geological setting. The report
also identifies some unresolved geological questions that may further our knowledge of the
geology, stratigraphy and mineral potential of this part of Sweden. The Nautanen area (one of
fourteen key areas) is a focus for targeted geological mapping and investigation as part of the
Norrbotten-based Barents Project (2012–2015) run by the Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU).
Access to the Nautanen area is reasonably good, with several paved and gravel roads extending eastward from Gällivare and Malmberget. Route E10/E45 runs north-east through the key
area between Gällivare and Svappavaara, continuing northward to Kiruna. In general, most of
the mapped outcrop locations can be easily accessed via the road network. Numerous hiking
paths and skidoo trails also cross the area.
The landscape at Nautanen is a mixture of coniferous and deciduous forests, with marshy
and wetland areas located between the forests where rivers and streams occur. The terrain is
undulating to hilly in the northern and north-western parts with elevations ranging between
350 and 450 m above sea level. In the central and southern parts the terrain is flatter, averaging
about 300 m above sea level (see section Petrophysics).
Nautanen
Norrbotten
County
SWEDEN
Stockholm
200 km
6 (40)
Figure 1. Location of the Nautanen key
area (small red polygon) in Norrbotten county, northernmost Sweden. The
black square corresponds to map sheet
28K (Gällivare) representing an area of
2 500 km2.
7468000
The Lina river (Linaälven) crosses the southern part of the study area (flowing west to east
towards Sammakko) and represents the main hydrographic feature. Several smaller rivers and
streams also flow in a general north-west to south-east direction across the study area (subparallel to the dominant structural fabric). Lakes and ponds are mostly located in the central and
south-western parts (Fig. 2).
752000
756000
760000
764000
Latnijärvi
79
90
40
87
70
Byxtjärn
60
87
Nautanen
87
35 35
70
20
80
85
60Muorjevaara
58
84
60
29
7464000
60
Pahtavaara
87
Juoigamvárri
88 45
50
90
Koskullskulle
87
28
65
87
Liikavaara
87
85
53
90
Sarkasvaara
87
85
40
7460000
87
65
56
68
60
Rahavaara
70
70
60
70
45
60
60
40
15
15
87
60
90
86
87
87
87
Rahajärvi
85
87
Haltiakoski
50
70
70
20
40
72
90 60
70
30
85
80
70
74
45
87
Sjungberget
87
40
Sorvanen
65
65 76
12
25
Gällivare
flygplats
78
87
85
90
60
45
Nunisvaara
87
87
87
40
32
86
Va
Vassara
sa äl
raj ve
ok n
i
60
70
60
Profile I (Fig. 3)
82
50
55
85
90
7456000
Pienempi
Petäjävaara
50
90
Nunisjärvi
25
50
50
53
60
20
eip
Sakavaara
10
60
20
ki
90
64
60
60
20
60
87 70
30
ojo
78
60
Suorkkisuvanto
87
Vasaravaara
älven
Lina ajoki
k
Link
Sakajärvi
L
Liikavaara
Sakajärvi
20
50
50
Nautanen key area
Mapped outcrop
Aitik Cu-Au-Ag deposit
STRUCTURES
Fault, fracture zone
Ductile deformation zone
Kaddivaara
METAVOLCANOSEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
c. 1.88–1.84 Ga
Metaarenite
Metabasalt–metaandesite
c. 1.92–1.87 Ga
Form line of fold, dyke
Phyllite
Syncline, overturned
Meta-quartz arenite
Synform
Metaarenite
Layering
Metasediment
Foliation
Metadacite–metarhyolite
Bandning
Porphyritic texture
Fold axis
Metabasalt–metaandesite
Lineation
Geophysical structure
34
34
70
INTRUSIVE ROCKS
4 km
c. 1.84–1.77 Ga
Dolerite
Granite (Lina-type)
c. 1.92–1.87 Ga
Syenitoid–granitoid (PMS)
Gabbroid–dioritoid (HS)
Figure 2. Bedrock geology of the Nautanen
key area, north-central Norrbotten. Profile
line I corresponds to the cross-section shown
in Figure 3. Based on Witschard (1996).
7 (40)
7468000
752000
756000
760000
764000
Latnijärvi
Byxtjärn
Nautanen
Nautanen-Hoppet
Muorjevaara
södra Mariagruvan
skärpning 1
Muorjevaara
7464000
Mariastollen
Koskullskulle
Pahtavaara
Sarkasvaara
Pienempi
Petäjävaara
Nautanen
skärpning
Juoigamvárri
Milian Nautanen xx
Ferrum4
Nautanen-Bratt Nautanen xx Ferrum
Ferrum9
Nautanen xx
Myrheden
Liikavaara Liikavaara A
Liikavare-8:an
Liikavaara C
Liikavaara-Tor
Liikavaara B
Liikavaara13
Liikavaara22 *Liikavare*
Liikavare-Nya Fyndet
Snålkok
Liikavare-28:an Fridhem Snålkok-D
Liikavaara-Friheten
Snålkok-A
Snålkok-B
Liikavare-Masen Snålkok-C
Sjungberget
7460000
Juoikama
Sorvanen
Rahavaara
Sorvanen-norra
Sorvanen-östra
Rahajärvi
Sorvanen-mellersta
Nunisvaara
Sorvanen-södra
Gällivare
flygplats
Haltiakoski
7456000
Nunisvare 2
Nunisvare 1
Nunisjärvi
Vassaravaara
V
a
Vassara
sa äl
raj ve
ok n
i
Suorkkisuvanto
älven
Lina ajoki
k
Link
Sakakoski-norra
Sakavaara
Sakakoski-västra
Vasaravaara
Sakakoski-södra
ki
ojo
Sakajärvi
ip
Le
Liikavaara
Sakajärvi
Liikavaara Östra
Kaddivaara
Iron ore, trial pit or prospect
4 km
Sulphide mineralisation, trial pit or prospect
Quarry, industrial mineral, abandoned
Drill core (Malå)
Figure 3. Geological map showing the locations of known mineral prospects in the Nautanen area. The locations of drill core related to the various Cu-Au deposits, which is available at SGU’s Malå office, is also shown.
From a geological perspective, the Nautanen area is best known for hosting numerous copper prospects with associated gold and iron mineralisation (e.g. Nautanen). The area is located
just north of the Aitik mine, one of Europe’s largest copper-gold-silver producers, and east of the
Malmberget iron-(phosphorous) mine which is Sweden’s second largest (after the Kiirunavaara
deposit). The rocks at Nautanen host a regional-scale, Proterozoic deformation zone that has
probably played a significant role in the area’s metallogenic evolution.
GEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW OF THE NAUTANEN AREA
The following geological summary is based on Witschard (1996), Bergman et al. (2001) and
Martinsson & Wanhainen (2004a). The Nautanen area is centred on a linear zone of north to
north-west-aligned, deformed and metamorphosed volcanic and volcanosedimentary rocks
(Fig. 2). These units form part of a regionally extensive supracrustal succession occurring across
8 (40)
Svecofennian porphyrite group
W
Granitic
dykes,
veins
Dolerite
Linaälven
Intensely deformed and
altered metavolcanic rocks
Metaarenite
NDZ
Metasedimentary rocks
(schistose, skarn banded)
Metavolcanic rocks
(trachytes, andesites)
E
sea
level
Lina-type granite
(c. 1.77 Ga)
Diorite–granodiorite
(Haparanda suite,
c. 1.87 Ga)
1 km
Figure 4. Schematic geologic cross-section (profile I) through the Nautanen deformation zone (modified after
Witschard 1996). The profile line is shown on the bedrock map in Figure 2.
northern Sweden that was deposited, deformed and metamorphosed during the Svecofennian
orogeny (c. 1.96–1.75 Ga). A major ductile–brittle deformation zone transects the area and hosts
numerous occurrences of copper±gold±iron mineralisation (cf. Fig. 3).
The rocks in the Nautanen area consist of a mylonitic and foliated volcanic and volcaniclastic sequence that has undergone extensive deformation, metamorphism, recrystallisation and
hydro­thermal alteration. In the eastern part of the area, metaarenite, carbonates (metamorphosed calc-silicate rocks), phyllites and schists dominate, with subordinate basalt, andesite and
tuff. In the west, within a high strain deformation zone (see below), andesite, basaltic andesite,
basalts and tuffs occur (Figs. 2 & 4). Thin, lamellar, metasomatic-related magnetite banding is
a common feature of the volcanic units to the west. While the primary characteristics of many
of the rock units at Nautanen are difficult to assess due the multiple metamorphic, deformation
and alteration events, the rocks are generally considered to have been deposited by volcanic, volcaniclastic and sedimentary (epiclastic) processes.
Limited attempts have been made to establish a stratigraphic classification for the rocks at
Nautanen and make correlations with analogous supracrustal sequences elsewhere in Norrbotten (Zweifel 1976, Ros 1980). Thus, the assignment of the succession to both a regional or local
stratigraphic framework has varied over the years (e.g. Ödman 1957, Witschard 1996, Bergman
et al. 2000, Bergman et al. 2001, Martinsson & Wanhainen 2004a). Presently, the metamorphic
rocks within the key area are assigned to the Muorjevaara group (Martinsson & Wanhainen
2004a) which incorporates the previously established Aitik, Liikavaara and Nautanen formations (Zweifel 1976). In addition, Bergman et al. (2000, 2001) assign the meta-volcanosediment­
ary rocks at Nautanen to the regionally extensive Porphyrite group comprised of calc-alkaline
to alkaline meta-volcanosedimentary rocks (cf. McGimpsey 2010). Thus, the rock sequence in
the Nautanen area is regarded to lie stratigraphically below Kirunavaara (Porphyry) group rocks
that occur further to the east and host the Malmberget iron-phosphorus deposit.
The Nautanen area is bound to the east and west by Paleoproterozoic intrusive rocks of both
mafic and felsic compositions. They primarily consist of gabbroids, peridotites, dioritoids and
granitoids assigned to the Haparanda suite of intrusive rocks (c. 1.88–1.86 Ga, e.g. Witschard
1984, 1996) and younger granitoids of the Lina suite (c. 1.77 Ga, e.g. Bergman et al. 2001, 2011).
Perthite monzonite suite intrusions are less prevalent in this area. Numerous doleritic dykes and
sills of presumed Mesoproterozoic age intrude Lina suite granite to the east of the study area
(Fig. 2). Apart from investigations conducted on the intrusive rocks at the Aitik deposit to the
south of the Nautnaen area (e.g. Wanhainen et al. 2006), detailed petrographic, geochemical
and isotopic investigations of the intrusive rocks in the area have not been conducted. In addi9 (40)
tion, efforts to establish any temporal or genetic links between the intrusive phases and spatially
coincident Cu-Au mineralisation in the area have presently not been undertaken.
The bedrock at Nautanen is situated within a major north to north-west orientated deformation zone termed the Nautanen deformation zone (NDZ, Bergman et al. 2001). The NDZ is
c. 1–3 km wide in the study area and represents a high strain zone comprised of intensely tecto­
nised and altered rocks that display sub-vertical, mylonitic fabrics and laminar magnetite±garnet
alteration bands (profile I, Figs. 2 and 4). The NDZ is spatially and structurally constrained
along its east and west margins by two major fault zones, while in the south-west part of the
key area (Suorkkisuvanto-Sakajärvi area) the zone deflects to the south-east, possibly due to the
emplacement of granite in the area (Fig. 2). The NDZ transects a sub-vertical, north-north-west
orientated, fold sequence where the fold axes generally plunge to the south-south-east. This earlier ductile deformation is overprinted by numerous brittle faults that are generally sub-vertical
and predominately orientated north-north-west.
At present, few detailed structural investigations have been made for the NDZ and thus the
kinematic and deformational properties of the area are not well constrained. The absolute timing and duration of the various deformational events is also not known, although the area has
probably undergone several phases of deformation and reworking during its geological evolution. Likewise, the control of deformational processes on Cu-Au mineralisation is, while recognised by previous workers (e.g. Ros 1980), poorly understood.
Metamorphism in the Nautanen area is estimated to have reached medium to high grades
(amphibolite facies) based on mineral assemblages, with the metamorphic grade generally increasing from east to west across the NDZ (cf. Fig. 60 in Bergman et al. 2001). A well developed
north-north-west orientated, sub-vertical schistosity, locally grading into a gneissic banding,
­occurs in the metavolcanic rocks and tends to parallel primary depositional features (e.g. bedding contacts) and major deformational structures. Sillimanite porphyroblasts developed in
metasedimentary horizons indicate local contact metamorphism associated with granitoid
magmatism. Tollefsen (2014) reports pressure-temperature estimates for regional, contact and
retrograde metamorphic conditions for the Nautanen area, based on mineral chemistry and
thermodynamic modelling. A regional metamorphic event is constrained from c. 550 to 660 °C
and 2 to 5 kbar. Contact metamorphism adjacent to Lina granite (forming a sillimanite-biotitemuscovite assemblage) occurred from c. 630 to 710 °C and 2 to 4.4 kbar. Retrogression is constrained between c. 430 and 570 °C, and 3 to 3.5 kbar.
Mineralisation in the Nautanen area predominantly consists of numerous, relatively small
(<1 million tonnes) copper±gold±iron prospects. Within the NDZ, mineralisation is mainly disseminated (replacement?) to semi-massive (strataform lenses) in nature, with fewer vein-hosted
occurrences. Further away from the high strain zone, relatively undeformed, vein-type mineralisation dominates with sub-vertical, north to north-north-east orientations. This latter veinhosted mineralisation is considered to represent the youngest mineralisation event in the area
(e.g. Martinsson 2004). Chalcopyrite and bornite are the principal ore minerals, with minor
chalcocite, magnetite, sphalerite, galena, molybdenite and scheelite. Gold generally occurs as
inclusions or overgrowths associated with chalcopyrite, pyrite and bismuthenite, and as electrum
(cf. Ekström 1987; Bark et al. 2013). Hydrothermal alteration mainly consists of pervasive and
vein-related potassic (K-feldspar) alteration, scapolitisation, sericitisation and tourmalinisation.
Garnet, amphibole and epidote are also important alteration minerals in the area.
AVAILABLE DATA FOR THE NAUTANEN AREA
The following sections present a summary of available geological, geochemical and geophysical
data covering the Nautanen key area. Some useful topographic datasets are also listed.
10 (40)
Bedrock geology information
The Nautanen area is covered by a number of bedrock geology maps and digital datasets. Several of these are available as vector layers and georeferenced raster images for use in geographical
information system (GIS) and mapping software. The GIS data are mainly derived from digitised versions of bedrock maps published at 1:50 000, 1:250 000 and smaller scales. Additional
bedrock sampling and analyses (e.g. lithogeochemistry, age determinations) by SGU and other
workers are generally represented as point layers that show the sample location and associated
analytical results (see the sections Geochemistry and Geochronology).
Geology maps and related data layers
Tables 1 and 2 list some important results of bedrock mapping for the Nautanen area along
with additional bedrock information derived from SGU’s internal databases. The maps listed
Table 1. Published bedrock maps and related GIS data covering the Nautanen area.
Code
Ai 100
Title
Bedrock map 28K SV
Scale
1:50 000
Reference
Witschard 1996
Ai 101
Bedrock map 28K SO
1:50 000
Witschard 1996
1:250 000
1:400 000
Bergman et al. 2000
Ödman 1957
Ba 56:1 Regional bedrock map
Ca 41
Berggrundskarta över urberget i
Norrbottens län
K 423
Bedrock map of Sweden
n/a
Nordkalott bedrock geology map
n/a
Metallic mineral deposit map of
the Fennoscandian Shield
n/a
Geology of the Fennoscandian
Shield.
n/a
Lokal berggrundsinformation
n/a
Regional berggrundsinformation
Map or data extent
Western Nautanen
key area
Eastern Nautanen key
area
Northern Norrbotten
Norrbotten County
1:1 000 000 Bergman et al. 2012
1:1 000 000 Silvennoinen et al. 1987
1:2 000 000 Eilu et al. 2008
Sweden
N. Sweden
Fennoscandia
1:2 000 000 Koistinen et al. 2001
Fennoscandia
1:50 000
1:250 000
Nautanen key area
Nautanen key area
SGU GIS data
SGU database
Table 2. Other geology-related layers and datasets covering the Nautanen area.
Layer or dataset
Häll, ytor ur Jordartskartan
1:250 000 Norrbotten
Jordarter 1:250 000,
Nordligaste Sverige
Berggrundsobservationer
Geology_1M
Swedish Radiometric Age
Database
Fennoscandian Shield
(komplett WGS84 TM)
Förenklad jordartsindelning
(JBAS)
Norrbotten NBDIG
Sveriges berggrund 1:1M
Description
GIS polygon layer showing outcrop and thin soil cover
areas from soil maps.
Digital layer showing outcrop and soil cover types. Ice
flow directions also.
Point dataset of location and description of outcrop and
structural observations. 8 points in key area.
1:1 000 000 scale vector data showing bedrock geology.
No colour coding.
Point locations of age dating samples with methods and
results
Digital polygon layer showing small scale bedrock
geology
soil/till geology map of Norbotten 1:250 000
Location
Nautanen key area
Digital polygon layer showing small scale bedrock
geology with outcrops highlighted also
Digital polygon layer showing small scale bedrock
geology
Norrbotten
Nautanen key area
Southern Nautanen key area
Sweden
Two locations,
north NKA
Fennoscandia
Norrbotten
Sweden
11 (40)
in T
­ able 1 represent both georeferenced, scanned paper maps and vector databases. The most
detailed SGU mapping for Nautanen is two 1:50 000-scale bedrock maps from SGU’s Ai series
covering map sheets 28K Gällivare SV and SO (map sheet nomenclature relates to the old RT90
map index system).
Scanned field maps and other map information
Table 3 lists scanned field maps produced during the 1:50 000 mapping campaigns in and
around the Nautanen area (mostly from the 1960s). The field sheets show the location of outcrops, areas of thin soil cover, mineralised boulders and other geological information. The
majority of information was recorded at the scale 1:20 000. Scanned field diaries (45 in total)
recorded by SGU geologists are also available for consultation.
Additional scanned geological maps can be found within several Brap and Prap reports
(historical SGU, SGAB, NSG and LKAB exploration reports), particularly for mineralised
areas (see Table 4). For example, Jonasson (1988) and Petersson (1988) present several drill hole
profiles through the metavolcanic rocks at the Muorjevaara and Sorvanen copper prospects,
respectively. Likewise, several reports by Gustafsson (1986a to g) contain detailed (typically
1:5 000 and 1:1 000-scale) geological maps and drill hole profiles for the Liikavaara, Muorjevaara, Snålkok, Sakakoski and Sorvanen copper prospects located within the NDZ. Furthermore, Danielsson (1984, 1985) and Daniels­son & Lindroos (1986) present geological maps,
drill hole profiles (with associated assay data) and interpreted geological cross-sections for the
Nautanen Cu-Au deposit. Zweifel (1976) presents a geological map of the Aitik area showing
stratigraphic and lithological units that extend into the southern part of the Nautanen area
(e.g. Aitik and Nautanen formations).
Outcrop locations
Figures 2–6 show the location of mapped outcrops and exposed rock across the Nautanen area.
By Norrbotten standards, the Nautanen area has reasonable outcrop exposure. Metavolcanic
and metasedimentary rocks in the southern, eastern and north-western parts appear to be the
best exposed. Several large areas of exposure within the Nautanen deformation zone also o­ ccur.
Outcrop exposure for intrusive rocks to the east and west of the deformation zone is more scattered and intermittent. Exposures along the banks of the river Linaälven (southernmost Nautanen area) provide an opportunity to assess the stratigraphy, deformation and alteration of the
metavolcanic rocks orthogonal to a high strain deformation zone. The hinge zone of an overturned syncline comprised of metasedimentary rocks in the south-eastern part of the study area
is poorly exposed (Fig. 2). Likewise, intrusive rocks in the south-east corner of the area are generally not exposed. Historical drill core, retained at SGU’s Malå office, provides an additional
source of bedrock information that may fill in areas with relatively poor exposure (e.g. northeast Nautanen area, south of Snålkok prospect, cf. Fig. 3). In addition, several aggregate quarries
in the Nautanen area may also provide access to exposed bedrock (e.g. in the Mourjevaara area,
north-east of Nautanen).
Published material (papers and reports)
A list of some relevant papers and reports for the Nautanen key area is presented in Table 4. This
literature compilation should be viewed as a starting point for obtaining information on the
geol­ogy and mineralisation of the Nautanen area. A short synopsis of each publication is presented in the “Brief overview” column. Several of the publications are review papers that summarise on a regional scale the broad geological, tectonic and metallogenic setting of Norrbotten
within the context of the geological evolution of northern Fennoscandia.
12 (40)
Table 3. Scanned field maps and other map information for the Nautanen area.
Scanned map or information (not rectified)
G10906
G10909
G10910
G10915
G10920
G10921
G10924
G10925
G10926
G10935
G10937
G10941
G10950
G10952
G10953
G10954
G10955
G10959
G10960
G10963
G10967
G10968
G10969
G10970
G10973
G10975
G10976
G12603
G12605
G12606
G12607
G12609
G12610
G12612
G12613
G12615
G12616
G12617
G12618
G12619
G12620
G12635
G12636
G12638
G12640
G12644
G12645
G12647
G12648
Diaries_28K_various
named workers
Boulders_28K
Description and coverage (RT90 map system)
Scale
Scanned outcrop field map, 28K SO
Scanned outcrop field map, 28K
Scanned outcrop field map, 28K SV
Scanned outcrop field map, 28K SV
Scanned outcrop field map, 28K
Geology regional interpretation, 28K
Scanned outcrop field map, 28K 0–1 e–f
Scanned outcrop field map, 28K 2–3 c–d
Scanned outcrop field map, 28K 2–3 e–f
Mineral deposits and prospects, 28K
Mineral deposits and prospects, 28K
Drill hole overview map, 28K
Outcrops with observation numbers, 28K SV
Mineralised boulders and outcrops, 28K SV
Mineralised boulders and occurrances, 28K SV
Mineralised boulders and occurrances, 28K SV
Mineralised boulders and occurrances, 28K SV
Outcrop observation no map, 28K SV
Mineral deposit overview, 28K SV
Outcrops with contacts, 28K SV
Mineral deposit areas, 28K SO
Mineral deposit areas, 28K SO
Boulders and mineralised outcrops, 28K SO
Boulders and mineralised outcrops, 28K SO
Boulders and mineralised outcrops, 28K SO
Outcrops with observation numbers, 28K SO
Outcrops with observation numbers, 28K SO
Outcrop map, 28K 0–1 c–d
Outcrop map, 28K 0–1 c–d
Outcrop map, 28K 0–1 c–d
Outcrop map, 28K 0–1 c–d
Outcrop map, 28K 0–1 c–d
Outcrops and samples
Outcrops and observation numbers
Outcrop map, 28K 0–1 e–f
Outcrop map, 28K 0–1 e–f
Outcrop map, 28K 0–1 e–f
Outcrop map, 28K 0–1 e–f
Outcrops with contacts, 28K 0–1 e–f
Outcrops and observation numbers, 28K 0–1 e–f
Boulder locations, 28K 0–1 e–f
Economic map, 28K 2–3 c–d
Outcrop map, 28K 2–3 c–d
Outcrop map, 28K 2–3 c–d
Outcrops with observation numbers, 28K 2–3 c–d
Outcrops with observation numbers, 28K 2–3 e–f
Outcrops with observation numbers, 28K 2–3 e–f
Outcrops with observation numbers, 28K 2–3 e–f
Outcrops with observation numbers, 28K 2–3 e–f
Field notebooks from SGU geologists. 45 field diaries in total.
1:50 000
1:100 000
1:50 000
1:50 000
1:100 000
1:100 000
1:20 000
1:20 000
1:20 000
n/a
n/a
1:100 000
1:50 000
1:50 000
1:50 000
1:50 000
1:50 000
1:50 000
1:50 000
1:50 000
1:50 000
1:50 000
1:50 000
1:50 000
1:50 000
1:50 000
1:50 000
1:20 000
1:20 000
1:20 000
1:20 000
1:20 000
1:20 000
1:20 000
1:20 000
1:20 000
1:20 000
1:20 000
1:20 000
1:20 000
1:20 000
1:20 000
1:20 000
1:20 000
1:20 000
1:20 000
1:20 000
1:20 000
1:20 000
Varies
Gives location and description of mapped boulders (map
sheet 28K, no maps)
n/a
13 (40)
Table 4. Publications and reports relating to the geology of the Nautanen area.
Reference
Tollefsen 2014
Title
Thermal and chemical variations in metamorphic rocks in
Nautanen, Gällivare, Sweden
Martinsson &
Wanhainen 2013
Fe oxide and Cu-Au deposits in
the northern Norrbotten ore
district
Hydrothermal fluid evolution and metal transport in
the Kiruna District, Sweden:
Contrasting metal behaviour in
aqueous and aqueous–carbonic
brines
Smith et al. 2013
Brief overview and relevance to Nautanen area
M.Sc. study on metamorphic conditions in the Nautanen area. Petrography, mineral chemistry, wholerock chemistry and PT modelling. Metasomatic fluids
are Ba, Mn and Fe enriched.
Review of the geology and metallogeny of northern
Norrbotten.
Fluid inclusion study (LA and crush leach analysis) of
IOCG-type mineralisation in Kiruna district. Includes
samples from Nautanen deformation zone. Coexisting aqueous–carbonic, carbonic and saline fluid
inclusions in deposits associated with the NDZ indicate
a fluctuating pressure regime, potentially with periods
of phase separation. Cl/Br ratios of inclusion fluids
determined by crush-leach are consistent with a range
of fluid sources including both magmas and halitebearing evaporites.
Sarlus 2013
Geology of the Salmijärvi Cu-Au MSc thesis on the Salmijärvi Cu-Au deposit. Geology
deposit
and geochemistry focus on host rocks and hydrothermal veins.
Hallberg et al.
Metallogenic areas in Sweden. Review of some of the main mineral deposits across
2012
Sweden. Divided into metallogenic areas. Covers
Gällivare-Nautanen-Aitik.
Wanhainen et al. Modification of a PalaeoproIntegrated study of the Aitik deposit. Modified (meta2012
terozoic porphyry-like system: morphosed) porphyry system.
Integration of structural,
geochemical, petrographic, and
fluid inclusion data from the Aitik Cu–Au–Ag deposit, northern
Sweden
Bergman et al.
Geological and tectonic evolu- Regional scale review of the geological and tectonic
2011
tion of the northern part of the setting of the Fennoscandian Shield.
Fennoscandian Shield
McGimpsey 2010 Petrology and lithogeochemis- Study of the Nautanen deposit. Review of geological
try of the host rocks to the Nau- setting.
tanen Cu-Au deposit, Gällivare
area, northern Sweden
Smith et al. 2009 In Situ U-Pb and trace element Titanite and alanite U-Pb geochronology study.
analysis of accessory minerals in Samples from the Nautanen deposit gave ages of
the Kiruna district, Norrbotten, 1777 ± 20 Ma and 1785 ± 21 Ma. Corresponds to some
Sweden: new constraints on the age dating results at Aitik. Mineral chemistry data also
timing and origin of mineraliza- presented.
tion
Gleeson & Smith The sources and evolution of
Fluid inclusion study using halogen and Cl isotope
2009
mineralising fluids in iron oxide- data as tracer for ore forming fluids in IOCG systems,
copper-gold systems, NorrNorrbotten. Some focus on deposits in the Nautanen
botten, Sweden: Constraints
deformation zone. Cl data suggests crustal fluids from
from Br/Cl ratios and stable
either meta-evaporites or Lina-type granites.
Cl isotopes of fluid inclusion
leachates
Storey et al. 2007 In situ LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating
Titanite and apatite U-Pb ages. Malmberget sample
of metavolcanics of Norrbotten, gives titanite cores dated at 2073 ± 19 Ma; rims =
Sweden: Records of extended
c. 1900 to 1700 Ma. Apatite gives 1583 ± 10 Ma. Results
geological histories in complex used to infer age of Porphyry Group magmatism at c.
titanite grains
2.0 Ga and not 1.9–1.8 Ga (i.e. pre-Svecokarelian).
Nordin et al. 2007 Stop 2. Aitik Cu-Au-Ag mine
Field excursion guide covering the Gällivare-Aitik
areas. Geology and mineralisation review.
14 (40)
Reference
Wanhainen et al.
2005
Title
160 Ma of magmatic/hydrothermal and metamorphic
activity in the Gällivare area:
Re–Os dating of molybdenite
and U–Pb dating of titanite
from the Aitik Cu–Au–Ag deposit, northern Sweden
Weihed et al.
2005
Precambrian geodynamics and
ore formation: The Fennoscandian Shield
Character of Cu-Au mineralization and related hydrothermal
alteration along the Nautanen
deformation zone, Gällivare
area, northern Sweden
Cu-Au deposits in the Gällivare
area
Martinsson &
Wanhainen
2004a
Martinsson &
Wanhainen
2004b
Martinsson 2004
Bergman et al.
2001
Ahl et al. 2001
Martinsson &
Wanhainen 2000
Billström &
Martinsson 2000
Pitkänen 1997
Frietsch 1997
Frietsch et al.
1997
Billström et al.
1997
Witschard 1996
Brief overview and relevance to Nautanen area
Geochronology study at the Aitik Cu deposit. Re–Os
dating of molybdenite from deformed barite and
quartz veins yielded ages of 1876 ± 10 Ma and 1848 ± 8
Ma, respectively. A deformed pegmatite dyke yielded
a Re–Os age of 1848 ± 6 Ma, and an undeformed
pegmatite dyke an age of 1728 ± 7 Ma. U–Pb dating of
titanite from a diversity of alteration mineral associations defines a range in ages between 1750 and 1805
Ma with a peak at c. 1780 Ma.
Broad review paper of metallogeny and geotectonic
setting of mineral deposits in N Sweden.
Review and field guide of Cu-Au mineralisation in the
Gällivare-Nautanen area.
Review and field guide of Cu-Au mineralisation in the
Gällivare-Nautanen area. Includes description of mineralisation at Aitik and Nautanen deposits.
Geology and metallogeny of the Review paper of metallogeny and geological setting
northern Norrbotten Fe-Cu-Au of IOCG deposits Norrbotten. Includes description of
province
mineralisation at Aitik and Nautanen areas.
Description of regional geoSynthesis report on the bedrock geology and geophyslogical and geophysical maps of ics of Norrbotten based on 1:250 000 regional maps.
northern Norrbotten County …
Geochemical classification of
Classification and petrogenesis of various plutonic
plutonic rocks in central and
suites based on whole-rock geochemistry.
northern Sweden
The Gällivare area
Excursion guide that reviews geology and metallogeny
of the Gällivare area. Nautanen area covered.
Links between epigenetic Cu-Au Abstract suggesting Cu mineralisation at Nautanenmineralizations and magmaAitik area is c. 1800–1750 Ma based on U-Pb titanite
tism/deformation in the Norrgeochronology. No actual data presented however.
botten county, Sweden
Anisotropy of magnetic susAMS study on mylonitic rocks from two deformation
ceptibility of mylonites from
zones. AMS fabrics trend parallel to dominant tectonic
the Kolkonjoki and Nautanen
foliations, particularly at Nautanen area.
deformation zones in Norrbotten, Sweden
The iron ore inventory proReview of mineral deposits of Norrbotten. Includes degramme 1963–1972 in Norrbot- scription of Aitik and Nautanen deposits (i.e. sulphide
ten county
ores in Porphyry Group).
Early Proterozoic Cu-( Au) and
Study of scapolite and related alteration associated
Fe ore deposits associated with with Cu-Au and Fe mineralisation across Norrbotten.
regional Na-Cl metasomatism
Reviews scapolite-tourmaline alteration in Nautanenin northern Fennoscandia
Aitik areas. Scapolite tends to be more Cl-poor here.
Regional variations in the Pb
Study on galena Pb isotope systematics. Galena linked
isotopic compositions of ore
to epigenetic Cu deposits in Porphyry Group rocks is
galena across the Archaeannon-radiogenic. This is similar signature to galena from
Proterozoic border in northern deposits in Skellefte district. Includes samples from
Sweden
Muorjevare and Snålkok (Nautanen area).
Berggrundskartan 28K Gällivare SGU map sheet for area 28K Gällivare SV (Ai 101). The
SO 1:50 000
back side of this map contains a description in English
of the geology of map sheet 28K which includes the
Nautanen area. Mineralisation is also described.
15 (40)
Reference
Romer 1996
Title
U-Pb systematics of stilbitebearing low-temperature
mineral assemblages from the
Malmberget iron ore, northern
Sweden
Martinsson 1995 Greenstone and porphyry
hosted ore deposits in northern
Norrbotten
Frietsch & Perdahl Rare earth elements in apatite
1995
and magnetite in Kiruna-type
iron ores and some other iron
ore types
Lilljequist 1991
OV-Projektet. Basemetaller i
Norrbotten
Gaal 1990
Petersson 1988
Tectonic styles of early Proterozoic ore deposition in the
Fennoscandian shield
Stora prospekeringsmål i Gällivareområdet, Sorvanen gravimeteranomali. “The Mother Lode
to Aitik.”
The geology and genesis of the
Aitik copper-gold deposit, Arctic
Sweden:
Sorvanen. Borrningar 1988
Johansson 1988
Muorjevaara. Borrfas III, 1987
Carlson 1989
Monro 1988
Danielsson 1987
Geologisk beskrivning över
Nautanen–Aitik – Jårbojoki­
stråket i Gällivare
Ekström 1987
Mineralogisk undersökning av
häll och blockprover från Gällivareområdet
Skiöld 1987
Aspects of the Proterozoic geochronology of northern Sweden
Fredriksson 1986 Projekt Nordöstra Norrbotten
Etapp 111 (1985). Sammanfattning av utförda prospek­
teringsarbeten och resultat
Lindholm 1986
28J Fällåsen och 28K Gällivare,
sammanställning av myrtorv­
analyser 1982–1984
Gustafsson 1986a Projekt 5515 Malmberget
Prospekteringsarbeten 1985
Rekommendationer för 1986
Lägesrapport 1986-01-15
Gustafsson 1986b Liikavaara, nya fyndet. Borr­
ningar 1986
Gustafsson 1986c Snålkok. Borrningar 1986
16 (40)
Brief overview and relevance to Nautanen area
Geochronology of low temperature mineral assemblages at the Malmberget Fe deposit. Includes regional
geologic setting. Age of c. 1740 Ma for fracture-filling
monazite may constrain late brittle faulting in the
area.
Review of geology and mineral deposits of northern
Norrbotten. Includes description of the Nautanen Cu
deposit.
Study on mineral chemistry from various localities
across Norrbotten. One sample from Malmberget
deposit, west of Nautanen.
Overview report covering area 28K SV Nautanen. Gives
background to base metal mineralisation in the area.
Several maps - regional geochemical anomalies and
location of mineral prospects in Nautanen area.
Big picture, regional review of tectonic and metallogenic evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield.
Mostly geophysical modelling in the Nautanen deformation zone. Comparisons made to the Olympic Dam
deposit in Australia.
PhD thesis on the Aitik Cu deposit (within Nautanen
trend). Geology and geochemistry focus.
Review of exploration activity at the Sorvanen prospect (Nautanen area). Includes drill core data.
Review of exploration activity at the Muorjevaara Au
prospect. Includes drill core data.
Geological description of the Nautanen–Aitik–Gällivare areas.
Mineralogical study from the Snålkok, Sorvanen, Sakakoski and Likavaara prospects (Nautanen area).
Review of age dating results and general stratigraphy
of northernmost Sweden.
Overview of LKAB exploration activity across northeastern Norrbotten. Discusses mineralisation in the
Malmberget–Nautanen areas.
Report on peat bog sampling and analysis results.
Contains map showing sampling and analysis for sheet
28K with anomalous metal values.
Review of exploration activity in the general Gällivare
area. Contains geological and geophysical maps of the
Gällivare–Nautanen areas, sample descriptions, some
assay data.
Exploration report on the Liikavaara deposit, Nautanen deformation zone. Includes drill hole logs and
profiles
Exploration results at Snålkok prospect. Drill hole sections, logs and assay data.
Reference
Title
Gustafsson 1986d Projekt nordöstra Norrbotten
delprojekt Malmbergetomradet
lägesrapport för tiden 1986-0812–1986-11-10
Gustafsson 1986e Muorjevaara borrfas II 1986
Gustafsson 1986f Sorvanen. Borrningar 1986
Gustafsson 1986g Sakakoski. Borrningar 1986
Danielsson &
Lindross 1986
Arkko 1986
Lundh 1985
Nautanen copper-gold deposit
The Nordkalott project. Geophysical aspects of large mafic
intrusions in northern Sweden
Dikesgrävning Sakakoski 1985
Brief overview and relevance to Nautanen area
Review exploration activity in the Nautanen area with
focus on Sakajärvi–Muorjevaara prospects.
Exploration report on the Muorjevaara prospect.
Includes drill hole logs, assay data, profiles.
Exploration results at Sorvanen prospect. Drill hole
sections, logs and assay data.
Exploration report on the Sakakoski Cu prospect.
Includes drill hole logs, assay data, profiles.
Review and field excursion guide to the Nautanen deposit. Includes map and cross section through deposit.
Study on the geophysical properties of several mafic
intrusions including the Gällivare area. MSc thesis.
Summary of trenching work at the Sakakoski Cu-Au
prospect. Contains maps and assay data.
Gustavsson 1985 Fältarbeten 1984 inom delpro- Overview of exploration at Gällivare and Nautanen.
jektområde Gällivare SV och SO. Contains geology maps with observation numbers and
Slutrapport
outcrops at Nautanen area, and presents stratigraphy
overview. Discusses characteristics of the Nautanen
and Muorjevaara formations.
Danielsson 1985a Nautanen. Borrhålsprotokoll
Detailed exploration report for activity at the Nauoch analysintyg från 1985 års
tanen deposit. Drill hole profiles, logs and assay data.
arbeten
Danielsson 1985b Nautanen. Borrförslag på TEM- Nautanen deposit. Contains drill hole locations and
anomalier 1985
schematic logs.
Danielsson 1984 Cu-Au-fyndingheten Nautanen. Geology and exploration work at the Nautanen deResultat av 1983 års diaposit.
mantborrning
Witschard 1984
The geological and tectonic
Overview and tectonic synthesis of the geological
evolution of the Precambrian
evolution of northernmost Sweden. Presents revised
of northern Sweden. A case for lithostratigraphy.
basement reactivation?
Skiöld & Cliff
Sm-Nd and U-Pb dating of early Dating of felsic volcanic rocks assigned to the Porphyry
1984
Proterozoic mafic-felsic volcan- Group. Age of 1909 ± 17 Ma which appears on the
ism in northernmost Sweden
1:50 000 bedrock map of Witschard (1996) is partly
based on a sample collect to west of Nautanen area.
Zircon populations from several samples were mixed.
Gustavsson 1984 28J Fjällåsen SO-NO 28K
Reviews exploration and field work in Gällivare–NauGällivare. Prospekteringsförslag tanen area. Contains maps with location of mineral1984
ised.
Gustavsson 1984 Fältarbete 1984 inom delproReviews exploration and field work in Gällivare–Naujektområde Gällivare. Gällivare tanen area. Includes a review of regional stratigraphy.
SV och SO. Underhandsrapport Includes overview maps with outcrop observation
points.
Gustavsson &
Ferrum kopparfyndighet geoOverview of exploration work at the Ferrum deposit.
Johansson 1984
fysik och geologi 1984
Contains drill hole logs, geologic maps and cross sections and assay data (Cu, Au, Ag).
Carlson 1984
Nautanen. ProspekteringsOverview of geology and exploration at Nautanen deförslag 1984
posit. Contains drill hole sections showing mineralised
Cu-Au horizons.
Hålenius 1983
En mineralogisk undersök­ning Mineralogical investigation of sulphide-bearing
av Cu-Au-mineraliseringen
samples from Nautanen deposit drill holes. Describes
Nautanen
sulphide-gold mineralogy, paragenesis. Cobolt also
discussed.
17 (40)
Reference
Lagerbäck 1982
Carlson 1982
Frietsch 1980
Ros 1980
Wilson & Sundin
1979
Title
Isrörelser inom kartbladen
26L Pålkem SV, NV, 27L Lansjärv
SV, NV, 28J Fjällåsen SV, NV,
SO, NO, 28K Gällivare SV, NV,
SO, NO, 28L Tärendo SV, NV,
29K Vittangi SV, NV, SO, NO, 29L
Lainio SV, NV
Guld i Norrbotten. Del 2
Precambrian ores of the northern part of Norrbotten County,
northern Sweden
Nautanenområdet. Rapport
över SGU:s arbeten utförda
under 1966–1979
Isotopic age determinations on
rocks and minerals in Sweden
1960–1979
SGU (no author), Projekt Norra Norrbotten
Brap 00682, 1978
Zweifel 1976
Frietsch 1974
Svensson 1971
Ödman 1957
Geijer 1948
Aitik. Geological documentation of a disseminated copper
deposit
The occurrence and composition of apatite with special
reference to iron ores and rocks
in northern Sweden
Nunisvaara molybdenförekomst
Beskrivning till berggrunds­karta
över urberget i Norrbottens län
Sveriges malmtillgångar
Ödman & Werner Likavaara-Salmivaara-Vuod1940
najaure-Svappavaara. Rapport
över SGUs prospeckeringsverksamhet i Norrbotten 1940
Geijer 1931
Pre-Cambrian geology of the
iron-bearing region Kiruna–
Gällivare–Pajala
Geijer 1924
Geijer 1918
Geijer 1917
18 (40)
Brief overview and relevance to Nautanen area
Iceflow directions and geomorphology analysis for
20 map sheets covering various areas across central
Norrbotten. Covers map sheet 28K Gällivare.
Compilation of gold showings and prospects in Norrbotten. No.5, 6, 7 and 8 related to Cu-Au mineralisation
in general Gällivare area.
Review of metallogeny of northernmost Sweden. Contains section on Aitik deposit and general Nautanen
area.
Summary report on the geology of the Nautanen area.
Contains geologic descriptions, drill hole locations and
some assay data. Ferrum prospect discussed.
Summary report reviewing age dating for whole of
Sweden during period 1960–79. Item 30 relates to a
recalculated Rb-Sr whole-rock age (inaccurate) for a
granite sample close to the Nautanen area (Lina granite = 1530 ± 35) and taken from Welin et al. 1971.
Overview of the geology and mineral potential of
northern Norrbotten. Includes Nautanen and Sjaunja
deposits.
Study of the Aitik Cu deposit. Includes geological and
stratigraphic description of rocks at the Nautanen
area.
Apatite geology and chemistry in Norrbotten. Discusses metasomatic iron ores of the Nautanen area.
Report on the molybdenum mineralisation at Nunisvaara, to the west of Nautanen.
Synthesis report on the regional bedrock geology
of Norrbotten County accompanying the 1:400 000
published map.
Early summary of Sweden’s mineral resources. Includes
map and information on Norrbotten deposits and
Nautanen area.
Geological and geophysical exploration activity at
several mineral prospects in the general Gällivare–
Nautanen area.
Early synthesis report on the bedrock geology of the
Kiruna–Gällivare–Pajala area and related mineralisation. Includes Nautanen area. Discusses significance of
scapolite alteration.
Some Swedish occurrences of
Early report on Cu-sulphide mineralisation for Sweden
bornite and chalcocite
including the Nautanen area of northern Sweden.
Includes Nautanen area.
Nautanenområdet. En malmge- Early report on the geology and mineral deposits of
ologisk undersökning
the Nautanen area. Includes Nautanen and Ferrum
prospects.
Om landisens avsmältningsEarly report on the Quaternary geology of the Nauförhållanden inom Nautatanen area. Discusses paleo-ice flow directions.
nenområdet vid Gällivare
Table 5. Drill core associated with mineral prospects within the Nautanen area.
Deposit or prospect No. of holes available in Malå
Liikavaara Cu
9 holes (1979, 86, 2003; NSG, Phelps
Dodge)
Nautanen Cu-Au
109 holes (1966–2003; SGAB, NSG,
North Atlantic Natural Resources AB,
Phelps Dodge)
Janstorp (Nautanen 18 holes (1997, 1998, 2003; North
N)
Atlantic Natural Resources AB, Phelps
Dodge)
Ferrum Cu
6 holes (1969, SGAB)
Fridhem
none
Juoikama Cu-Mo
none
Muorjevaara
13 holes (1986, 87; NSG)
Sakakoski Cu
28 holes (1986, 1987; NSG)
Snålkok Cu-Au
10 holes (1986, 2005; SGAB, Phelps
Dodge)
Sorvanen Cu-Au
32 holes (1951–1998; SGAB, NSG, LKAB,
North Atlantic Natural Resources AB)
Kirunakorset Cu-Au 1 hole (1986, SGAB)
Jappe Cu-Au
3 holes (1998, North Atlantic Natural
Resources AB)
Nunisvaara Mo
none
Total length
>755 m
Logs, assay data, reports
Gustafsson 1986b
23 310 m
Ros 1980, Danielsson 1984,
Danielsson 1985a, b
1 516 m
not known
751 m
n/a
n/a
1 324 m
2 851 m
922 m
Ros 1980
n/a
n/a
Gustafsson 1986e
Gustafsson 1986g
Gustafsson 1986c
>2 486 m
Gustafsson 1986f, Petersson
1988, Ros 1980
not recorded Gustafsson 1986f
280 m
not known
n/a
Svensson 1971
The publications in Table 4 are listed from most recent to oldest. References quoted in the
main text of this report refer to those in Table 4 and the reference list at the end of this report.
Drill core
Table 5 lists the exploration drill holes and drill core associated with the various mineral deposits
and prospects in and around the Nautanen area that are available for inspection at SGU’s Malå
office. Drill hole collar locations are plotted in Figure 3. The majority of the holes were drilled in
the 1980s as part of Sweden’s state exploration activity for Cu-Au deposits in the Gällivare area.
Some relevant information about more recent drilling activity within the NDZ (since the mid2000s and onwards) may be available from SGU’s Malå and Luleå (Bergsstaten) offices.
Information on alteration and mineralisation
The Nautanen area hosts numerous, generally small-scale (<1 million tonnes, excluding the
­A itik Cu-Au deposit), disseminated and vein-hosted Fe, Cu and Au prospects and occurrences.
The area has been a historical target for Cu-Au exploration since the discovery of copper mineralisation at Nautanen in 1898 (Geijer 1918), and is presently considered part of an important
IOCG-style mineral deposit district (e.g. Carlon 2000, Billström et al. 2010, Williams 2012).
Reviews of the setting and style of mineralisation in the Nautanen area is provided by Bergman
et al. (2001) and Martinsson & Wanhainen (2004a, b, 2013). In general, Cu-Au mineralisation
is spatially associated with favourable structural and lithological depositional sites within the
high strain NDZ. A genetic link to granitoid magmatism, or contemporaneous metasomatism
that drove metal remobilisation and enrichment, has also been proposed (e.g. Gleeson & Smith
2009, Smith et al. 2013). The area also displays a degree of district-scale metal and alteration zonation along the NDZ. Fe- and Cu-rich (Au-poor) occurrences associated with scapolite-albiteK-feldspar alteration are found in the north-west close to Malmberget (e.g. Nautanen, Ferrum,
Fridhem prospects), while Au/Cu ratios increase (Fe-poor) towards the south-east in association
19 (40)
Table 6. Datasets relevant to mineral resources and exploration within the Nautanen area.
Layer or dataset
Borrkärna_20110405
Description
Location and description of drill core available at SGU’s Malå office
Borrhål_20110405
Historical drill holes including Malå drill core
and drill core no longer available at Malå
Mineralresurser_mdep
Location and description of mineralisation
prospects, showings and deposits
alteration_minerals
Location and description of alteration type
minerals
Point database of location and basic description of mineralised boulders
boulders_mineralized
Ballast och industrial
mineral
Undersökningstillstånd_beviljade
Mineralrättsregistret
(MRR10)
prospekteringsdata_
Bergsstaten
undersökningstillstånd_beviljade
Riksintressen mineral
undersökningstillstånd
FMIS_Norrbotten_L_
SWEREF_point
FMIS_Norrbotten_L_
SWEREF_area
Location and description of aggregate and
industrial mineral sources
Granted prospecting licence blocks (polygons)
Polygons of metallic mineral resource blocks
with current and past licence holders
Polygons of exploration blocks with current
and past licence holders
Exploration permits granted
Polygons covering areas with a state mineral
interest
Exploration permits
Swedish national heritage board. Points of
national interest
Swedish national heritage board. Areas of
national interest
Coverage or location
Covers mainly northern and southeastern Nautanen area (205 drill
holes available in total)
Covers mainly northern and southeastern Nautanen area (207 drill
holes recorded in total)
Location of 39 mineral prospects
recorded (excludes Aitik and Liika­
vaara Östra to the south of key
area)
Northern and SE Nautanen key area
Generally proximal to known prospects and deposits (likely reflects
exploration activity)
NE Nautanen area
Western Allavaara area
Nautanen key area
Nautanen key area
Nautanen key area
Southern Nautanen area and Malnberget
Nautanen key area
Nautanen key area
Nautanen key area
with more prevalent phyllic-type (biotite-sericite) alteration (e.g. Jårbojoki and Puolalaki prospects south-east of the Nautanen area).
Some 40 mineralised localities are recorded in SGU’s mineral deposits database (Mineralresurser_Mdep) for the Nautanen key area and its surroundings. The locations of these mineralised areas are shown in Figure 3. Several of the mineralised localities represent neighbouring
prospects that can be grouped under a single deposit or prospect name (e.g. Nautanen deposit,
consisting of Nautanen-Maria, Nautanen-Bratt areas etc.). Some additional datasets relevant
to mineralisation and exploration are listed in Table 6. These data include GIS layers relating
to drill hole locations, available drill core (at SGU’s Malå office), mineralised boulders and the
­status of exploration licences.
The location of mineralised boulders and alteration minerals is shown in Figure 5. Gustafsson (1984) also presents information on mineralised boulders in the Nautanen area. Many of the
boulder locations appear to cluster close to known Cu-Au prospects (cf. Figs. 3 and 5). This may
reflect a greater level of geological mapping and prospecting activity in these areas. Alteration in
the areas is dominated by potassic and sodic assemblages (K-feldspar, scapolite, albite). Tourmaline, epidote and sericite are also important alteration indicator minerals.
20 (40)
7468000
752000
756000
760000
764000
Latnijärvi
Byxtjärn
Nautanen
Muorjevaara
7464000
Pienempi
Petäjävaara
Juoigamvárri
Koskullskulle
Pahtavaara
Liikavaara
Sarkasvaara
7460000
Sjungberget
Sorvanen
Rahavaara
Rahajärvi
Nunisvaara
7456000
Gällivare
flygplats
Haltiakoski
Nunisjärvi
Va
Vassara
sa äl
raj ve
ok n
i
älven
Lina ajoki
k
Link
Suorkkisuvanto
Sakavaara
Vasaravaara
ki
ojo
Sakajärvi
ip
Le
Liikavaara
Sakajärvi
Kaddivaara
Mineralised boulder
Carbonate
Skarn assemblage
Amphibole
Sericite
Tourmaline
Epidote
Skapolite
Garnet
4 km
Feldspar
Figure 5. Bedrock map of the Nautanen area showing locations of key alteration minerals and sulphide-­
bearing boulders.
In terms of exploration activity, the following companies have held historical exploration permits covering the Nautanen area: Teck Cominco Ltd, SGU, State Mining Property Commission
(NSG), Golden Eagle Mines AB, Geoforum Scandinavia AB, Phelps Dodge Exploration Sweden
AB, Boliden Mineral AB and North Atlantic Natural Resources AB. At present, Boliden Mineral
AB (Nautanen and Liikavaara areas), LKAB (Malmberget area) and Norrbotten Exploration AB
(Sjungberget area) hold exploration permits within and adjacent to the Nautanen key area.
Geochemical data
Table 7 lists several geochemical datasets available for the Nautanen area. 34 whole-rock geochemical analyses are available for several of the rock units in the area (Fig. 6). Many of these
analyses were made as part of the 1:50 000-scale bedrock mapping programme (e.g. Witschard
21 (40)
1996). The analyses comprise major element oxide, trace element and rare earth element
­concentrations.
Several additional studies within or adjacent to the Nautanen area have incorporated geochemical analyses of various rock units and mineral assemblages, with a particular focus on
mineralisation processes. For example, Smith et al. (2013) conducted a fluid inclusion study
on IOCG-type mineralisation across northern Norrbotten, which included several samples
from mineralised localities within the NDZ. The results indicate that complex fluid flow
regimes has operated in the area with fluids probably derived from several sources (e.g. magmatic, meta­somatic ± basinal brines). Sarlus (2013) investigated the genesis of the Salmijärvi
Cu-Au prospect, located south-east of the Nautanen area. This study included whole-rock and
mineral chemical analyses of rock units analogous to those within the Nautanen area. Wanhainen et al. (2012) present lithogeochemical and fluid inclusion data for the Aitik Cu-Au
deposit, while McGimpsey (2010) presents lithogeochemical data for altered rock units at the
Nautanen Cu-Au deposit. Tollefsen (2014) presents whole-rock (n = 21) and mineral chemistry
data for rock units within and adjacent to the NDZ to constrain chemical and compositional
variations during metasomatism.
Additional lithogeochemical (major elements, selected trace elements) and assay data (typically Cu, Au and Ag) for several of the rock units at Nautanen are presented in many of the
historical SGU, SGAB and NSG exploration reports compiled during the 1980’s (e.g. Ros 1980,
Carlson 1982, Carlson 1984, Gustavsson & Johansson 1984, Danielsson 1985b, Gustafsson
1986b, c, e). These data typically represent down-hole analysis of altered and mineralised sections through several of the known Cu-Au deposits and prospects in the Nautanen area. The exploration reports are available as scanned versions of paper documents. However, the analytical
data they contain are not at present available in digital format.
Table 7. Geochemical datasets (for bedrock and overburden) covering the Nautanen area.
Layer or dataset
Description
Location or coverage
Litogeokemi,
analysdata
34 lithogeochemical analyses of plutonic, metavolcanic and metasedimentary
rocks. Consists of major, trace and rare
earth elements.
Point locations and descriptions of moraine samples used for till geochemistry
analysis
Raster dataset of shaded till geochemistry data for the elements Au, Cd, Co, Cr,
Cu, Ni, Pb, V, Zn. Circular Cu anomalies in
the NDZ
Point locations of heavy mineral samples
with analysis of 11 metal concentrations
Point data from Nordkalotten moraine
geochemistry dataset (NAA analysis
method)
Point data from Nordkalotten moraine
geochemistry dataset (OES analysis
method)
Point data from Nordkalotten moraine
geochemistry dataset (XRF analysis
method)
Various locations across Witschard 1996,
the Nautanen area
Perdahl & Frietsch
1993
Markgeokemi_
fysiska prov
Markgeokemi,
raster 250m
Heavy mineral
geochemistry
till_geochem_NK_
naa
till_geochem_NK_
oes
till_geochem_NK_
xrf
22 (40)
Reference
Nautanen key area
Ladenberger et al.
2009
Nautanen key area
Ladenberger et al.
2009
Nautanen key area
NE Nautanen key area
NE Nautanen key area
NE Nautanen key area
Some lithogeochemical data for intrusive rocks is presented by Ahl et al. (2001). These workers provide a regional summary of lithogeochemistry of various intrusive rocks occurring across
northern Sweden. The study includes analyses of Haparanda, Perthite monzonite and Lina suite
granitoids similar to the intrusive rocks occurring around the Nautanen area.
The majority of other geochemical analyses in the area relate to till geochemistry measurements determined as part of SGU’s regional till geochemistry programme (e.g. Ladenberger et
al. 2009). Mapped anomalies of Cu, V and Zn represent the main geochemical anomalies in the
area and probably reflect their elevated concentrations in the metavolcanics rocks.
7468000
Geochronology
Table 8 lists the results of age dating in the Nautanen area while Figure 6 shows the location of
the dating samples. Few geochronology studies have been made for the bedrock in or around
752000
756000
760000
764000
Latnijärvi
Byxtjärn
Nautanen
7464000
Muorjevaara
1785
1777
1777
+/-21
+/-20
+/-20
1785
+/-21
Pienempi
Petäjävaara
Juoigamvárri
Koskullskulle
Pahtavaara
Liikavaara
Sarkasvaara
7460000
Sjungberget
Sorvanen
Rahavaara
Rahajärvi
Nunisvaara
Gällivare
flygplats
Haltiakoski
älven
Lina ajoki
k
Link
7456000
+/Nunisjärvi
Va
Vassara
sa äl
raj ve
ok n
i
Suorkkisuvanto
Sakavaara
Vasaravaara
ki
ojo
Sakajärvi
ip
Le
Liikavaara
Sakajärvi
Kaddivaara
Nautanen key area
Lithogeocehmistry sample
Mapped outcrop
Bedrock observation
Aitik Cu-Au-Ag deposit
Hydrothermal age
4 km
Figure 6. Geological map showing the location of age dating and lithogeochemistry samples at Nautanen. Historical bedrock observations by SGU are also plotted.
23 (40)
Table 8. Geochronology for the Nautanen and surrounding areas.
Age
(Ma)
1777
±
System
(method)
U-Pb (LAICP-MS)
U-Pb (LAICP-MS)
Material
Host rock
Unit or suite
Area
Reference
titanite &
allanite
titanite
Schist
Nautanen
deposit
Nautanen
deposit
Smith et al.
2009
Smith et al.
2009
19
U-Pb (LAICP-MS)
titanite
(core)
Scapolite-altered unit (not
clear)
Altered metavolcanic rock
Alteration assemblage linked
to Lina-type magmatism
Alteration assemblage linked
to Lina-type magmatism
1785
21
2073
Porphyry group
Storey et al.
2007
1920
23
U-Pb (LAICP-MS)
titanite
(rims)
Altered metavolcanic rock
Porphyry group
1708
20
U-Pb (LAICP-MS)
titanite
(rims)
Altered metavolcanic rock
Porphyry group
1583
10
U-Pb (LAICP-MS)
apatite
Altered metavolcanic rock
Late thermal event at c. 1.6
Ga, or uplift/cooling age
1887
8
U-Pb
zircon
1878
7
U-Pb (LAICP-MS)
zircon
Quartz monzo- Haparanda-PMS Suites
diorite
Porphyritic
Porphyrite group
metaandesite
Malmberget
deposit (hanging wall)
Malmberget
deposit (hanging wall)
Malmberget
deposit (hanging wall)
Malmberget
deposit (hanging wall)
Aitik deposit
1875
10
1848
6
1848
8
Re-Os
(TIMS)
Re-Os
(TIMS)
Re-Os
(TIMS)
U-Pb (TIMS)
molybdenite
molybdenite
molybdenite
titanite
20
c. 1780
1776
8
U-Pb (TIMS) titanite
1728
7
1811
6
Re-Os
molyb(TIMS)
denite
U-Pb (TIMS) zircon
1771
+7
–5
U-Pb (TIMS) titanite
1873
24
c. 1740
U-Pb
U-Pb
zircon
monazite
1909
17
U-Pb (TIMS) zircon
1530
35
Rb-Sr
wholerock
Storey et al.
2007
Storey et al.
2007
Storey et al.
2007
Wanhainen et
al. 2006
Tjårrojåkka Cu Edfelt et al.
(c. 90 km NW 2006
of Nautanen)
Barite vein
Hydrothermal, HaparandaAitik deposit
Wanhainen et
PMS Suites
al. 2005
Pegmatite dyke Jyryjoki granite and related
Aitik deposit
Wanhainen et
magmatism
al. 2005
Quartz vein
Hydrothermal, Jyryjoki gran- Aitik deposit
Wanhainen et
ite and related magmatism
al. 2005
Alteration asHydrothermal event, LinaAitik deposit
Wanhainen et
semblages
type magmatism
al. 2005
Metaandesite Alteration/metasomatic
8 km west of
Wanhainen et
event, Lina-type magmatism Aitik deposit
al. 2005
pegmatite
Lina suite
Aitik deposit
Wanhainen et
dyke
al. 2005
Granite
Lina suite
c. 35 km NW
Bergman et al.
of Nautanen
2002
area
Granite
Lina suite
c. 35 km NW
Bergman et al.
of Nautanen
2002
area
Monzodiorite
Haparanda suite
Aitik deposit
Witschard
Fracture fill
Late-orogenic brittle deforMalmberget
Romer 1996
(with silbite)
mation, fluid flow
deposit
Porphyritic
Porphyry group
Close to Gälli- Skiöld & Cliff
rhyodacite
vare airport
1984
(part of mixed
sample)
Granite
Lina suite
c. 30 km NW
Wilson and
of Gällivare
Sundin 1979
the study area. Thus, the absolute timing of the various magmatic, metamorphic, mineralisation and deformation events is poorly constrained. Table 8 includes age dating conducted at the
neighbouring Aitik Cu-Au deposit, where most of the recent geochronology has been obtained.
Smith et al. (2009) dated titanite and allanite grains from altered host rocks at the Nauta­
nen Cu-Au deposit (described as a deformed IOCG deposit). Two samples yielded ages of
1777 ± 20 and 1785 ± 21 Ma. These dates were interpreted to correspond to metamorphic and
24 (40)
hydrothermal events coincident with late-orogenic deformation and Lina-type magmatism in
the area.
Storey et al. (2007) dated titanite grains from Porphyry group altered metavolcanic rocks
from the hanging wall of the Malmberget iron deposit. In situ analysis of reworked titanite rims
produced a spread of ages between c. 1920 and 1708 Ma that was interpreted to represent protracted hydrothermal-metasomatic processes. In situ analysis of the titanite cores yielded an age
of 2073 ± 19 Ma at Malmberget. This age was interpreted to represent the first phase of regional
metamorphism of the volcanic rocks. Thus, these workers proposed that the formational age of
the host volcanic rocks to the Malmberget deposit is older than the regionally inferred age of
c. 1.89 Ga (i.e. Svecofennian) and may be contemporaneous with intermediate volcanism assigned to the middle to upper Kiruna greenstone group.
Several geochronology studies have been made at the Aitik Cu-Au deposit, just to the south
of the Nautanen area. Wanhainen et al. (2005) conducted several analyses using U-Pb and
Re-Os techniques that record a prolonged, 160 Ma period of overprinting magmatic and hydrothermal processes at Aitik. Molybdenite within a barite vein was dated at c. 1875 Ma and was
inferred to represent hydrothermal processes associated with Haparanda or Perthite monzonite
type magmatism. Molybdenite hosted within a pegmatite dyke and a quartz vein gave identical ages of c. 1848 Ma. These ages were linked to regional magmatic events represented by the
Jyryjoki granite. Titanite and molybdenite ages between c. 1780 and 1728 Ma were interpreted
to represent alteration and metasomatic processes associated with Lina-type granite magmatism.
In an additional study, Wanhainen et al. (2006) produced a U-Pb zircon age of c. 1887 Ma for
a quartz monzodiorite intrusion at the Aitik deposit. This age is similar to the c. 1873 Ma age
shown on the 28K Gällivare SV bedrock map (Witschard 1996) determined for a monzonitic
intrusion in the footwall of the Aitik deposit. However, analytical details relating to this latter
date are not available.
Bergman et al. (2002) determined a magmatic age of c. 1771 Ma for a Lina-type granite to
the north-west of Nautanen using U-Pb dating of titanite. In the same study, a zircon population was dated at c. 1811 Ma. This latter result was interpreted to represent the age of inherited
zircons within the granite.
The ages in Table 8 presented by Skiöld & Cliff (1984) and Edfelt et al. (2006) represent ages
of metavolcanic rocks to the north-west of the Nautanen area that are partly analogous to the
metavolcanic sequence at Nautanen. These U-Pb dates (1909 Ma and 1878 Ma, respectively) are
included here to provide some regional age constraint for the timing of volcanism at Nautanen
(i.e. Svecofennian volcanism at c. 1.89 Ga). An older, imprecise and inaccurate Rb-Sr age for
Lina-type granite is also listed in Table 8 for completeness (Wilson & Sundin 1979).
Isotope geology (excluding age dating)
There have been few dedicated tracer isotope studies (either radiogenic or stable isotopes) on
rocks and minerals within the Nautanen area. As part of a broader fluid inclusion study, Gleeson
& Smith (2009) used δ37Cl values to investigate the source of hydrothermal fluids associated
with Cu-Au mineralisation in the NDZ. Measured δ37Cl values (ranging between +0.5‰ and
–2.4‰) suggest that mineralising crustal fluids were derived from seawater, meta-evaporite horizons (i.e. surficial brines) or fluids exsolved from Lina-type granites that had assimilated a crustal δ37Cl signature within the melt (cf. Williams 2012).
Wanhainen & Martinsson (2003) conducted a stable sulphur isotope (δ34S) study of sulphide
and sulphate minerals from the Aitik Cu-Au deposit (just south of the Nautanen area). These data
broadly indicate a single magmatic source of sulphur for main-stage mineralisation at Aitik, based
on a narrow range of sulphide values that cluster around 0‰. The δ34S signature of sulphate min25 (40)
erals (c. 10‰) indicates that sulphate sulphur may have been derived from an external source. The
results are consistent with an earlier sulphur isotope study at Aitik by Yngström et al. (1986).
Some lead isotope data for galena, sampled from the Muorjevare and Snålkok copper prospects and measured as part of a regional study, are presented in Billström et al. (1997). These
data suggest that radiogenic lead in Norrbotten was remobilised during the Caledonian orogeny
at c. 0.4 Ga).
Geophysical data
The following sections provide a summary of available geophysical data (e.g. magnetic, gravity,
electromagnetic and petrophysic) covering the Nautanen key area.
Airborne measurements
Five airborne geophysical campaigns have been made over the Nautanen key area. A list of these
measurements can be found in Table 9. In 1962, SGU conducted an airborne magnetic survey
covering map sheet 28K Gällivare using a fluxgate magnetometer. In 1965, SGU conducted a
smaller airborne magnetic survey mainly over the south-western part of the same map sheet. This
survey coincides with the northern part of the Nautanen key area. In 1974, SGU conducted an
airborne survey over map sheets 28K Gällivare SV and 27K Nattavaara NV, further to the south.
This survey used a Trums magnetometer, a gamma-ray spectrometer and a VLF-receiver, capable
of collecting data from one transmitter. In 1984, LKAB conducted an airborne geophysical survey over map sheets 28K Gällivare SV and SO. They acquired magnetic data along with slingram
data, gamma-ray spectrometry and VLF data using two transmitters. However, the VLF data is
incomplete along several flight lines, especially over the southern part of the Nautanen key area.
This lack of information can be seen as white areas in the map which shows the apparent resistivity (Fig. 11). The last airborne survey was conducted by NAN (North Atlantic Natural Resources
AB) in 1995 when they acquired magnetic data along the Nautanen shear zone, keeping the
flight lines orthogonal to the main strike direction of the zone (i.e. north-north-east). A magnetic
anomaly map over the Nautanen key area derived from airborne data is shown in Figure 7.
Ground magnetic data
Historical ground magnetic measurements have been made over most of the Nautanen key area.
Table 10 lists information about these surveys. Magnetic maps showing the geographical extent
and result of the ground magnetic measurements are presented in Figures 8 and 9.
Table 9. Airborne geophysical surveys conducted over the Nautanen key area.
Year
1962
1965
1974
1984
1995
26 (40)
Company Geophysical methods Area
used
SGU
Magnetics
Entire 28K
SGU
Magnetics
Parts of 28K SV
and SO
SGU
Magnetics, gamma- Entire 28K SV and
ray spectrometry, VLF parts of 27K NV
(1-transmitter)
LKAB
Magnetics, gamma- Entire 28K SV and
ray spectromSO (project R71)
etry, slingram, VLF
(2-transmitters)
NAN
Magnetics
Along the Nautanen shear zone
Flight direction
East–west
East–west
Flight line
separation (m)
200
200
Flight altitude (m)
30
30
East–west
200
30
East–west
200
30
60 degrees to
the east
200
120
750000
755000
760000
765000
770000
7450000
7455000
7460000
7465000
7470000
7475000
745000
Anomaly (nT)
1446
703
434
278
174
102
50
6
–33
–69
–105
–140
–175
–213
–257
–312
–382
–468
–573
–735
–1072
Figure 7. Magnetic anomaly map (airborne data) covering the Nautanen key area (black polygon) and its surroundings. The magnetic data is expressed as the difference between measured data and an upward continuation to 1 km.
Table 10. Magnetic ground surveys within the Nautanen key area. The numbers in column “Polygon nr” refer
to those found in Fig. 8.
Polygon nr
Name
Method
Operator
Year of measurement
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Nautanen
Liikavaara
Ferrum
Nautanen
Nautanen
Sorvanen
Sakakoski
Magnetometer Z-anomaly
Magnetometer
Magnetometer
Magnetometer Z-anomaly
Magnetometer Z-anomaly
Magnetometer
Magnetometer total field
No information
No information
No information
SGU
SGU
No information
SGU
1968
1986
1984
1966–1967, 1978
1966–1967
1985
1987
27 (40)
755000
760000
765000
7455000
7460000
7465000
750000
Anomaly (nT)
1446
703
434
278
174
102
50
6
–33
–69
–105
–140
–175
–213
–257
–312
–382
–468
–573
–735
–1072
Figure 8. Airborne magnetic anomaly map of the Nautanen key area showing the geographical extent of existing ground magnetic measurements (red polygons). Explanations for the numbered polygons can be found in
Table 10.
Gravity data
In general, the Nautanen key area has a good coverage of gravity measurements with less than
1 km between each measured gravity point (Fig. 10). However, in the central western part, the
gravity measurement coverage is more sparse, with a station spacing of roughly 2.5 km. The majority of the gravity measurements within the Nautanen key area were acquired during the years
1967–1970.
28 (40)
755000
760000
765000
7455000
7460000
7465000
750000
Anomaly (nT)
1446
703
434
278
174
102
50
6
–33
–69
–105
–140
–175
–213
–257
–312
–382
–468
–573
–735
–1072
Figure 9. Magnetic anomaly map of the Nautanen key area showing ground magnetic measurements (higher
resolution) overlain on the airborne magnetic data (coarser resolution).
Geoelectric and electromagnetic data
Most of the Nautanen key area is covered by ground slingram measurements. Several geoelectric
surveys have also been done, primarily in the south-western part of the area. Table 11 lists information about the various geoelectric and electromagnetic surveys.
Petrophysical data
There are currently 241 petrophysical bedrock samples from the Nautanen key area (Fig. 12).
Information on rock density, magnetic susceptibility and Königsberger ratio exist for these
29 (40)
755000
760000
765000
7455000
7460000
7465000
750000
Residual (mGal)
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
Figure 10. The residual gravity field in the Nautanen key area, expressed as the difference between the
­Bouguer anomaly and an upward continuation to 3 km. Black dots represent gravity measurement stations.
s­ amples. Some samples also have information on remnant magnetisation directions with respect
to the Earth’s magnetic field.
Topographical data
Table 12 lists several topographic datasets covering the Nautanen area. The most useful information can be derived from orthophotos (both visible and infrared images) and LiDAR elevation
data acquired at a height resolution of 50 m and 2 m. The map Vägkartan, produced by Lantmäteriet (Sweden’s topographic mapping agency), contains vector polygon height contours with
a 10 m interval. The Nautanen area is not covered by the Terrängkartan topographic map series.
30 (40)
Table 11. Summary of the geoelectric and electromagnetic ground surveys made within the Nautanen key
area. The numbers in column “Polygon nr” refer to those found in Figure 11.
Polygon nr
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Name
Nautanen
Liikavaara
Ferrum
Liikavare
statsgruvefält
Sorvanen
Liikavaara
Sakakoski
Liikavaara
Liikavaara
Sorvanen
Liikavaara
Liikavaara
Sakakoski
Method
Slingram
Slingram
Slingram
El. indikation
Operator
SGU
SGU
SGU
No information
Year of measurement
1967
1986
1984
No information
Slingram
Slingram
Slingram
IP, SP, resistivity
IP, SP, resistivity
IP, resistivity
SP, resistivity
IP
IP, resistivity
No information
SGU
SGAB
No information
SGU
LKAB/SGU
SGU
SGU
SGAB
1985
1940–1942
1987
1971
1970
1985
1971
1971
1985–1987
Table 12. Topographic datasets covering the Nautanen area.
Layer or datset
Indexrutor RT90 2,5 gon V
Description
RT90 map sheet index polygons
Rutor_5x5_km
RT90 map sheet index 5x5 km subdivision squares
Översiktskartan 2007,
Overview vector topographic map (small
SWEREF99 TM
scale)
Vägkartan
Overview vector topographic map (medium scale)
Visningstjänst allmänna
Overview raster topographic map (mekartor
dium scale)
Sverigekartan 1 milj. (2012) Overview vector topographic map (small
scale)
GSD-Höjddata, grid 2+
Raster LiDAR digital elevation model.
Slope and aspect data also included.
GSD-Höjddata, grid 50+
Raster LiDAR digital elevation model.
Svenska Marktäckedata
Sveriges landskap
Visningstjänst ortofoton
Vector dataset for landuse classification
Swedish landskap administrative
boundaries
Raster layer of visible and near infrared
orthophotography
Scale
25 x 25 km
squares
5 x 5 km squares
Reference
Lantmäteriet
Lantmäteriet
Lantmäteriet
Lantmäteriet
Lantmäteriet
1:1 000 000
Lantmäteriet
2 m height resolution
50 m height
resolution
Lantmäteriet
Lantmäteriet
Lantmäteriet
Lantmäteriet
Lantmäteriet
GEOLOGICAL SUMMARY AND SOME REMAINING ISSUES
The metamorphic rocks at Nautanen were assigned to the Porphyry group by Witschard (1996)
as part of SGU’s 1:50 000-scale bedrock mapping programme (in part due to an abandonment
of the original Porphyrite group subdivision proposed by Offerberg in 1967 for the Kiruna
area). This lithostratigraphic unit, also known as the Kiirunavaara group or Kiruna porphyries
(see Table 2 in Bergman et al. 2001), hosts economically important iron oxide-apatite deposits
in the Kiruna and Malmberget areas. Subsequently, Bergman et al. (2000, 2001) reassessed
the sequence for their 1:250 000-scale regional compilation and assigned the meta-volcano­
sediment­ary units in the Nautanen area to the stratigraphically lower Porphyrite group (thus
31 (40)
755000
760000
765000
7455000
7460000
7465000
750000
Apparent resistivity (ohmm)
4341
3916
3695
3547
3434
3336
3249
3167
3091
3018
2950
2883
2819
2754
2689
2618
2532
2432
2312
2121
1708
Figure 11. Apparent resistivity map over the Nautanen key area. The apparent resistivity is derived from airborne VLF data from two transmitters. The black polygons with hatches represent areas where ground
electro­magnetic surveys have been made while the filled black polygons show the extent of previously made
geoelectric surveys. Numbers correspond to those shown in Table 11.
reinstating Offerberg’s subdivision). This assignment was largely based on lithological characteristics, geochemical properties and regional rock comparisons and distributions (cf. Martinsson & Perdahl 1995).
In terms of the local stratigraphy, the rocks at Nautanen have been assigned to the Muorjevaara group and correlated with the volcanosedimentary rocks of the Sammakkovaara group
in the Pajala area in north-eastern Norrbotten (Martinsson & Wanhainen 2004a). However,
detailed accounts of the internal lithological, geochemical and structural characteristics of
the Nautanen rock units, as well as their depositional and stratigraphic inter-relationships, are
32 (40)
755000
760000
765000
7455000
7460000
7465000
750000
Elevation (m)
488
459
441
425
414
397
383
371
360
349
339
329
319
312
306
301
297
295
291
286
270
Figure 12. Location of existing petrophysical bedrock samples from the Nautanen key area and surroundings.
The background elevation model is based on LiDAR data (2x2 m resolution).
presently not available. The absolute timing and duration of volcanism in the Nautanen area
are also not known.
Porphyrite group rocks are considered to have formed during regional-scale tectonic compression within a subduction zone setting at c. 1.90–1.87 Ga, with subduction directed towards
the north-east (present-day coordinates). Volcanic rocks in the area typically have an intermediate (andesitic), calc-alkaline chemistry and display continental arc-type characteristics. More
alkaline varieties also occur, however. This may reflect local tectonic or magmatic variations,
or the effects of subsequent hydrothermal alteration (cf. McGimpsey 2010). The occurrence of
33 (40)
epiclastic deposits in part suggests a relatively dynamic environment with an active depositionerosion-burial system.
Two main intrusive suites occur in the Nautanen area: (1) Haparanda suite intrusive rocks,
ranging from gabbro to monzodiorite and granodiorite, representing an older c. 1.90–1.87 Ga
phase of subduction-related, calc-alkaline, syn-orogenic magmatism, and (2) Lina suite granitoids, representing a younger, 1.79–1.77 Ga phase of late- to post-orogenic, granitic magmatism.
Detailed petrographic and geochemical data for these suites, as well as information on their
degree of deformation and the relationship between the NDZ and intrusive magmatism in the
area, is presently not available.
Bergman et al. (2001) placed the rocks at Nautanen within their structural domain “H” and
recognised the NDZ as a regionally significant deformation zone. Mylonitic fabrics, foliations,
schistosity and alteration banding are generally sub-vertical and north-north-west orientated, coincident with the main trend of the deformation zone. An early phase of folding also affects the
area, suggesting a prolonged deformational history. Detailed deformation and kinematic investigations along the length of the NDZ are presently lacking, although new investigations are ongoing (e.g. Bauer et al. 2014). Likewise, details about which structures are important for Cu-Au
mineralisation are sill poorly constrained. In general, the study area has experienced multiple,
overlapping metamorphic-metasomatic events during a prolonged deformational history (e.g.
Wanhainen et al. 2005, Tollefsen 2014).
The Nautanen area hosts numerous disseminated and vein-type Cu-Au occurrences which display some geological characteristics similar to the Cu-Au-Ag mineralisation at the Aitik d
­ eposit
to the south. Like the intrusive rocks at Nautanen, two generations of copper mineralisation are
recognised. An older phase is represented by the disseminated and semi-massive mineralisation
within locally deformed lenses, and a younger phase associated with quartz-tourmaline veins.
The following points identify some remaining tasks and unresolved geological questions for
the Nautanen key area. Investigating some of these issues will help develop a more comprehensive understanding of the geological evolution of the area and establish regional lithological and
stratigraphic correlations with other parts of Norrbotten. In addition, focused geological and geophysical investigations in the area will have positive implications for the development of local and
regional metallogenic models and further our understanding of Cu-Au mineralising processes.
• What are the geological characteristics of the various Cu-Au prospects in the Nautanen area
and can a broader relationship with the Malmberget Fe-P and Aitik Cu-Au deposits be established? Since few modern deposit-scale investigations have been conducted in the Nautanen
area (e.g. McGimpsey 2010), further investigations are needed on the Cu-Au mineralisation
to establish possible genetic links with the nearby mineralisation at Malmberget and Aitik.
Assessing the nature of the host rocks, structural controls on mineralisation, characterising
mineralisation and alteration assemblages, and constraining the timing of Cu-Au mineralisation (single event, or multiple events driving metal remobilisation) should be a priority.
• Do the two main intrusive suites in the Nautanen area (i.e., older Haparanda dioritoids,
younger Lina granitoids) have a genetic link with stages of Cu-Au mineralisation? Petrographic descriptions, isotopic characteristics and age constraints for the Haparanda and
Lina suite intrusions are required to better establish the intrusive history of the area and to
identify temporal and genetic links between intrusive magmatism, deformation and Cu-Au
mineralisation.
• Is there a genetic link between the metasedimentary rocks in the Nautanen area (Muorje­
vaara group) and other locally or regionally occurring volcanic units? Can a link be established by geochemical and geochronological methods, or are the epiclastic rocks derived
34 (40)
from a more external, distal source? An assessment of the internal lithological and stratigraphic characteristics of the Muorjevaara group rocks, including the establishment of a
type locality, will help constrain the volcanic and sedimentary history of the Nautanen
area. Lithogeochemical sampling and analysis will help ascertain the relative abundance of
calc-alkaline versus alkaline rock types. New age dating, concentrating on samples from
the base and top of the volcanosedimentary sequence, would help to establish regional
correlations with other areas in Norrbotten and enable the assignment of the various rock
units to their correct stratigraphical position. Furthermore, potential lithological controls
on (older?) disseminated to strataform style Cu-Au mineralisation in the Nautanen area are
not well documented.
• What are the geological factors that determine the potential for Cu-Au mineralisation within
analogous regional-scale deformation zones? The NDZ contains numerous epigenetic-type
Cu-Au occurrences located in structurally favourable zones and hosted by Porphyrite group
meta-volcanosedimentary rocks. Investigations of the rocks and structures in the NDZ
provide an opportunity to compare and contrast this type of mineralisation setting with
other key areas in Norrbotten. For example, some 30 km to the north-west, at Allavaara, a
sequence of Porphyrite and Porphyry group volcanosedimentary rocks occur within a north
to north-west trending deformation zone similar to the NDZ. However, the Allavaara area
contains only one significant Cu-Au prospect at Fjällåsen. Focused geophysical investigations
(2D magnetic, electromagnetic ground surveys, cross-sections) provide an additional tool to
constrain the mineralisation potential of these areas.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank Anders Hallberg and Ildikó Antal Lundin (Department of Mineral Resources, SGU) for reviewing this report.
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