Jordskorpans sammanställning
Kristall struktur av kvarts (SiO2)
Bergarter och mineraler
• Mineral
– En naturlig förekommande, icke-organisk,
substans som vanligtvis har en definitivt
kemisk sammanställning och typisk atom
struktur. De flesta mineraler har en
kristallstruktur. T.ex. Diamanter, kvarts
• Bergarter är kombinationer av mineraler
I fast form. T.ex. Uppland granit
Bergarts klassificering
• Magmatiska (Igneous)
– Stelnad från smältad mineral material.
• Sedimentära (Sedimentary)
– Lagrade akkumulering av mineral partiklar som
kommer från vittring och erosion av bestäende
bergrund.
• Metamorfa (Metamorphic)
– Formerad från magmatiska eller sedimentära
bergarter som har omvandlads fysiskt eller kemisk
genom hög tryck eller temperatur.
Magmatiska bergarter
• Form when molten material cools:
– Intrusive igneous rock – cools slowly inside the earth
leading to large crystals
– Extrusive igneous rock – cools quickly outside the
earth leading to small crystals.
• Most are silicate minerals – compounds of
silicon and oxygen.
• Most also include one or more of aluminum,
iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and
magnesium
Klassificering baserad på densitet
• Felsic Rocks
–
–
–
–
Lowest density
Light in color
Minerals rich in aluminum and potassium
Includes quartz, potash feldspar, plagioclase
feldspar
• Mafic Rocks
–
–
–
–
Intermediate density
Darker in color
Rich in iron, magnesium, and calcium
Includes mica, amphibole and pyroxine groups.
Svensk klassificering av
magmatiska bergarter
• Vulkaniska (basalt)
• Gångbergarter (diabas)
• Djupbergarter (granit, gabbro)
basalt
granit
Common Igneous Rocks
Intrusive vs Extrusive
Intrusive
Igneous
Rocks
Extrusive
Igneous
Rocks
Granite
Rhyolite
Diorite
Andesite
Gabbro
Basalt
Peridotite
Felsic minerals –
quartz, feldspars,
mica
Felsic minerals
without quartz
Mafic minerals,
Ultramafic
minerals
Sedimentary Rocks
• Sediments can be:
– Clastic
• Inorganic rock and mineral fragments.
– Chemically precipitated
• Inorganic mineral compounds precipitated from
a saline solution or as hard parts of organisms.
– Organic sediments
• Accumulations of the tissues of plants and
animals.
Sedimentary Rock Types
Clastic
Chemically
Precipitated
Organic
Sedimentary
Sandstone
Conglomerate
Shale
Mudstone
Limestone
Dolomite
Potash
Salt
Coal
Peat
Oil Shales
Metamorphic Rock
• Altered by heat and pressure
• Mineral components are reconstituted into
different mineral varieties
–
–
–
–
–
Slate (shale)
Schist (shale that is further metamorphosed)
Quartzite (sandstone)
Marble (limestone)
Gneiss
• Relics of sedimentary strata to which new mineral matter has
been added from nearby intrusive sources
